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A Visual Guide to Genome Editors
A selected encyclopedia of major gene-editing systems, together with illustrated diagrams.
For example, a classic study from Keith Joung’s lab at Harvard Medical School showed that shortening the gRNA spacer by 2-3 nucleotides heavily reduced off-targets as it destabilized, and thus decreased, mismatched binding. The Cas12 variant in the Zhang lab’s paper — now known as Cas12a — has a DNA cleavage mechanism quite similar to Cas9, but subsequent work has revealed that the broader Cas12 family is the mostbiochemically diverse set of CRISPR proteins. Prime editing can cause both off-target deletions due to aberrant nickase activity (meaning the protein cuts in the wrong place in the genome) and insertions at mismatched target sites.
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