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Antifragility in complex dynamical systems
Antifragility characterizes the benefit of a dynamical system derived from the variability in environmental perturbations. Antifragility carries a precise definition that quantifies a system’s output response to input variability. Systems may respond poorly to perturbations (fragile) or benefit from perturbations (antifragile). In this manuscript, we review a range of applications of antifragility theory in technical systems (e.g., traffic control, robotics) and natural systems (e.g., cancer therapy, antibiotics). While there is a broad overlap in methods used to quantify and apply antifragility across disciplines, there is a need for precisely defining the scales at which antifragility operates. Thus, we provide a brief general introduction to the properties of antifragility in applied systems and review relevant literature for both natural and technical systems’ antifragility. We frame this review within three scales common to technical systems: intrinsic (input–output nonlinearity), inherited (extrinsic environmental signals), and induced (feedback control), with associated counterparts in biological systems: ecological (homogeneous systems), evolutionary (heterogeneous systems), and interventional (control). We use the common noun in designing systems that exhibit antifragile behavior across scales and guide the reader along the spectrum of fragility–adaptiveness–resilience–robustness–antifragility, the principles behind it, and its practical implications.
An example is urban intersections with different characteristics (road width), where there is a large variation in delays even in cases where the traffic state is not drastically changing, due to fluctuations in arrival and discharge rates. Empirical investigations have suggested that living systems operate in the proximity of critical thresholds, existing at the delicate boundary between order and randomness 31 demonstrated across various domains including electrical heart activity and brain function, among others 32, 33, 34, 35. López-Corona and coworkers 36 applied these ideas discussed above to the scale of planetary ecosystem antifragility by integrating well-established principles from nonequilibrium thermodynamics and adopting a system dynamics approach using Fisher’s information on Earth’s entropy production 37, 38, 39.
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