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Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models

We present foundation language models developed to power Apple Intelligence features, including a ~3 billion parameter model designed to run efficiently on devices and a large server-based language model designed for Private Cloud Compute. These models are designed to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently, accurately, and responsibly. This report describes the model architecture, the data used to train the model, the training process, how the models are optimized for inference, and the evaluation results. We highlight our focus on Responsible AI and how the principles are applied throughout the model development.

Authors: Tom Gunter, Zirui Wang, Chong Wang, Ruoming Pang, Andy Narayanan, Aonan Zhang, Bowen Zhang, Chen Chen, Chung-Cheng Chiu, David Qiu, Deepak Gopinath, Dian Ang Yap, Dong Yin, Feng Nan, Floris Weers, Guoli Yin, Haoshuo Huang, Jianyu Wang, Jiarui Lu, John Peebles, Ke Ye, Mark Lee, Nan Du, Qibin Chen, Quentin Keunebroek, Sam Wiseman, Syd Evans, Tao Lei, Vivek Rathod, Xiang Kong, Xianzhi Du, Yanghao Li, Yongqiang Wang, Yuan Gao, Zaid Ahmed, Zhaoyang Xu, Zhiyun Lu, Al Rashid, Albin Madappally Jose, Alec Doane, Alfredo Bencomo, Allison Vanderby, Andrew Hansen, Ankur Jain, Anupama Mann Anupama, Areeba Kamal, Bugu Wu, Carolina Brum, Charlie Maalouf, Chinguun Erdenebileg, Chris Dulhanty, Dominik Moritz, Doug Kang, Eduardo Jimenez, Evan Ladd, Fangping Shi, Felix Bai, Frank Chu, Fred Hohman, Hadas Kotek, Hannah Gillis Coleman, Jane Li, Jeffrey Bigham, Jeffery Cao, Jeff Lai, Jessica Cheung, Jiulong Shan, Joe Zhou, John Li, Jun Qin, Karanjeet Singh, Karla Vega, Kelvin Zou, Laura Heckman, Lauren Gardiner, Margit Bowler, Maria Cordell, Meng Cao, Nicole Hay, Nilesh Shahdadpuri, Otto Godwin, Pranay Dighe, Pushyami Rachapudi, Ramsey Tantawi, Roman Frigg, Sam Davarnia, Sanskruti Shah, Saptarshi Guha, Sasha Sirovica, Shen Ma, Shuang Ma, Simon Wang, Sulgi Kim, Suma Jayaram, Vaishaal Shankar, Varsha Paidi, Vivek Kumar, Xin Wang, Xin Zheng, Walker Cheng, Yael Shrager, Yang Ye, Yasu Tanaka, Yihao Guo, Yunsong Meng, Zhao Tang Luo, Zhi Ouyang, Alp Aygar, Alvin Wan, Andrew Walkingshaw, Andy Narayanan, Antonie Lin, Arsalan Farooq, Brent Ramerth, Colorado Reed, Chris Bartels, Chris Chaney, David Riazati, Eric Liang Yang, Erin Feldman, Gabriel Hochstrasser, Guillaume Seguin, Irina Belousova, Joris Pelemans, Karen Yang, Keivan Alizadeh Vahid, Liangliang Cao, Mahyar Najibi, Marco Zuliani, Max Horton, Minsik Cho, Nikhil Bhendawade, Patrick Dong, Piotr Maj, Pulkit Agrawal, Qi Shan, Qichen Fu, Regan Poston, Sam Xu, Shuangning Liu, Sushma Rao, Tashweena Heeramun, Thomas Merth, Uday Rayala, Victor Cui, Vivek Rangarajan Sridhar, Wencong Zhang, Wenqi Zhang, Wentao Wu, Xingyu Zhou, Xinwen Liu, Yang Zhao, Yin Xia, Zhile Ren, Zhongzheng Ren et al. (55 additional authors not shown) View a PDF of the paper titled Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models, by Tom Gunter and Zirui Wang and Chong Wang and Ruoming Pang and Andy Narayanan and Aonan Zhang and Bowen Zhang and Chen Chen and Chung-Cheng Chiu and David Qiu and Deepak Gopinath and Dian Ang Yap and Dong Yin and Feng Nan and Floris Weers and Guoli Yin and Haoshuo Huang and Jianyu Wang and Jiarui Lu and John Peebles and Ke Ye and Mark Lee and Nan Du and Qibin Chen and Quentin Keunebroek and Sam Wiseman and Syd Evans and Tao Lei and Vivek Rathod and Xiang Kong and Xianzhi Du and Yanghao Li and Yongqiang Wang and Yuan Gao and Zaid Ahmed and Zhaoyang Xu and Zhiyun Lu and Al Rashid and Albin Madappally Jose and Alec Doane and Alfredo Bencomo and Allison Vanderby and Andrew Hansen and Ankur Jain and Anupama Mann Anupama and Areeba Kamal and Bugu Wu and Carolina Brum and Charlie Maalouf and Chinguun Erdenebileg and Chris Dulhanty and Dominik Moritz and Doug Kang and Eduardo Jimenez and Evan Ladd and Fangping Shi and Felix Bai and Frank Chu and Fred Hohman and Hadas Kotek and Hannah Gillis Coleman and Jane Li and Jeffrey Bigham and Jeffery Cao and Jeff Lai and Jessica Cheung and Jiulong Shan and Joe Zhou and John Li and Jun Qin and Karanjeet Singh and Karla Vega and Kelvin Zou and Laura Heckman and Lauren Gardiner and Margit Bowler and Maria Cordell and Meng Cao and Nicole Hay and Nilesh Shahdadpuri and Otto Godwin and Pranay Dighe and Pushyami Rachapudi and Ramsey Tantawi and Roman Frigg and Sam Davarnia and Sanskruti Shah and Saptarshi Guha and Sasha Sirovica and Shen Ma and Shuang Ma and Simon Wang and Sulgi Kim and Suma Jayaram and Vaishaal Shankar and Varsha Paidi and Vivek Kumar and Xin Wang and Xin Zheng and Walker Cheng and Yael Shrager and Yang Ye and Yasu Tanaka and Yihao Guo and Yunsong Meng and Zhao Tang Luo and Zhi Ouyang and Alp Aygar and Alvin Wan and Andrew Walkingshaw and Andy Narayanan and Antonie Lin and Arsalan Farooq and Brent Ramerth and Colorado Reed and Chris Bartels and Chris Chaney and David Riazati and Eric Liang Yang and Erin Feldman and Gabriel Hochstrasser and Guillaume Seguin and Irina Belousova and Joris Pelemans and Karen Yang and Keivan Alizadeh Vahid and Liangliang Cao and Mahyar Najibi and Marco Zuliani and Max Horton and Minsik Cho and Nikhil Bhendawade and Patrick Dong and Piotr Maj and Pulkit Agrawal and Qi Shan and Qichen Fu and Regan Poston and Sam Xu and Shuangning Liu and Sushma Rao and Tashweena Heeramun and Thomas Merth and Uday Rayala and Victor Cui and Vivek Rangarajan Sridhar and Wencong Zhang and Wenqi Zhang and Wentao Wu and Xingyu Zhou and Xinwen Liu and Yang Zhao and Yin Xia and Zhile Ren and Zhongzheng Ren These models are designed to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently, accurately, and responsibly.

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