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Inside the miracle of modern chip manufacturing
After coming up against the limits of physics, scientists are rethinking chip architecture like never before
Cao had dreamed of a career in physics, but after graduating from Stanford University at the end of the cold war, an abundance of out-of-work physicists meant he cast his net more widely. Creating the tiny components for a chip’s circuits requires cutting-edge equipment: machines that can transfer microscopic patterns on to each wafer using a process called photolithography. While leading manufacturers are hoping the 2nm chip will solve many of the 3nm generation’s problems, the limits of scaling mean engineers are already developing alternative ways of getting more power and efficiency out of the same space.
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