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Japanese scientists were pioneers of AI; they're being written out of history
How can including them change our understanding of AI?
In 1972, Amari outlined a learning algorithm(a set of rules for carrying out a particular task) that was mathematically equivalent to Hopfield’s 1982 paper cited by the Nobel on associative memory, which allowed neural networks to recognise patterns despite partial or corrupted inputs. For the past year, Yasuhiro Okazawa, from Kyoto University, Masahiro Maejima, from the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, and I have led an oral history project centered on Kunihiko Fukushima and the lab at NHK where he developed the Neocognitron, a visual pattern recognition system that became the basis for convolutional neural networks. When Fukushima visited the US in 1968, he found few researchers who were sympathetic to his human brain-centred approach to AI, and many mistook his work for “medical engineering.” His lack of interest in upscaling the Neocognitron with bigger data sets eventually placed him at odds with NHK’s increasing demand for applied AI-based technologies, leading to his resignation in 1988.
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