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Succinct data structures
An overview of a class of data structures I didn't know about!
It's also important to note that a data structure might present itself as a bit vector but actually stores the information inside in some special way that makes certain operations fast. I've been working with the wonderful author of fm-index to improve its API and functionality, and a lot more is coming in this space, including support for storing and searching large strings consisting of multiple substrings. Huge ASTs could be stored relatively compactly but still support interesting search operations, which might open up new ways to implement programming language compilers.
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