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The Hoyle State (2021)
Nuclear physics is complicated compared to atomic physics, because the strong force is complicated compared to the electromagnetic force, and nucleons—protons and neutrons—are bag-like …
In 1930 George Gamow introduced the ‘liquid drop model’, which was further developed by Niels Bohr, John Archibald Wheeler and Carl F. von Weizsäcker. Since protons and neutrons each separately obey the Pauli exclusion principle, there are—approximately—separate shells for each kind of particle, which fill up when their reaches a so-called magic number While these authors are unable to resist retelling the anthropic just-so story, their articles contain interesting details, simply explained, of how physicists are trying to get a better understanding of the Hoyle state.
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