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Vialess heterogeneous skin patch for multimodal monitoring and stimulation
For system-level integration of wearable electronics, folding method offers simplified processing and enhanced functionality through rigid-soft region separation. Here, the authors introduce a heterogeneous skin patch with multimodal biosensing and responsive drug delivery through folded structure.
To validate the system-level performance of the fMMD as a biomedical application, FPCB is designed to allow the integration of power management, wireless data communication, signal processing, and individual modalities including electrical, optical, and chemical modules as shown in Fig. For preparing the pumping layer, photo-curable epoxy (SU-8 2150; Kayaku Advanced Materials, USA) was patterned on a silicon wafer to achieve mold-defining geometries through soft-lithography by allowing space (150 μm in height) for cavity volume expansion by the microheater. The Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) was employed as the HRV metric, as it is particularly sensitive to high-frequency variations and provides an effective measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity, making it well-suited for assessing short-term changes in autonomic function.
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